Academic Characteristics Of Hip Hop Culture - 982 Words

The purpose of this paper is to explore the major characteristics of hip hop studies, how they have evolved over the years, and how hip hop can be used to teach others. To begin, a great summary of the major characteristics of hip hop studies is The Kaledioscope of Writing on Hip-Hop Culture by Gail Hilson Woldu. For instance, in his book Woldu discusses the academic characteristic of hip hop studies (Woldu, 10). The author gives several examples of major works that have come from academic writing. He also goes into great detail about what they each focus on. For example, Woldu mentions Black Noise from author Tricia Rose as being a book that falls into the academic characteristic of hip hop studies (Woldu, 13). Woldu states, â€Å".... this†¦show more content†¦Again, these are simply a few the many examples provided by Woldu. All of these examples go to show that the journals are a major characteristic. Finally, the last major characteristic of hip hop studies that Woldu discusses is what he calls â€Å"the devotees† (Woldu, 30). Woldu states, â€Å"All are clearly more than â€Å"devotees† in the sense that they are far more than fans or hip-hop groupies† (Would, 30). Examples that he provides are, for instance, Bill Adler (Woldu, 30). Woldu states, â€Å"Bill Adler, a former rap publicist†¦wrote a biography of rappers Run-DMC† (woldu, 31). Another example is Nelson George. According to Woldu, â€Å"the recipient of two ASCAP-Deems Taylor Awards and an American Book Award, George is the author of eight nonfiction books on African American culture†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (Woldu, 31). Again, these examples go to show that this is a major characteristic of hip hop studies. Aside from simply looking at the major characteristics, one can also examine the ways in which they have evolved. For instance, one can dive into the evolution of the academic characteristic. One major way in which these characteristics have evolved is simply by the topics they cover. When looking at what was commonly talked about back in the early days of hip hop, and then compare it to the topics discussed today one will notice a difference. That main difference being that the topics are very thoughtful and look for deeper meaning. Furthermore, there is always room for more areas ofShow MoreRelatedAfrican-American Studies Has Been Set In Place To Broaden1347 Words   |  6 PagesAfrican-American studies provides a way to deepen an individual’s understanding from the diaspora. It also teaches the history of my people in a way that I never learned in secondary school. It reinforces the importance to immerse myself into my history and culture. In my opinion, African-American Studies leads to mental liberation and a greater level of consciousness. However, many people may not find the importance in African-American Studies. A deeper analysis of the discipline reveals that African-AmericanRead More mass commication and how it affects todays youth Essay2972 Words   |  12 Pagestowards the youth community, and the answer can be found in the media. There are a lot of articles, books, movies and documentaries written and produced each year with hip-hop being the main subject. This great plethora of media not only affects the youth but other people as well. However, one needs to understand how the rap culture got started, and why the media found it interesting enough to give it a substantial amount of coverage. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;According to Webster, rap is rhythmicRead MoreThe Origin of Hiphop and How Music Has Changed2592 Words   |  11 PagesHip-hop is one of the most popular genres of music in the world today. However, the hip-hop of today’s world is very different from the hip-hop that started it all. Hip-hop has simply evolved to a different type of music than the hip-hop that started it all. Hip-hop started in Brooklyn in 1973 at a block party with DJ Kool Herc, known as the father of hip-hop, mixing the beats. However, hip-hop has changed. There are the advances in technology to help make different sounds for songs. ThereRead MoreDiscrimination And Self Image Of The Music Industry1191 Words   |  5 Pages(Melissa, 2009). The music industry is particularly sensitive to these types of expectations created for women in society. This paper will give an analysis of how image affects success in the business of music. Women are discriminated against in rap, hip-hop, and pop record labels. I will present statistics to support these findings and describe the experience obtained by working with a group. 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The extensive connectivity of the modern world, confirms Marshal McLuhans predicti on of the global village. Globalisation is commonly seen as western culture imputing international cultures. Internet and television have also created transnational media whereas globalisation is commonly seen as a flow of information impending of western culture. Whereas, how will the younger generation will not be able to enjoyRead MoreEncore1351 Words   |  6 PagesWhich performances contained the greatest value in performance content (style, genre) and characteristics (audience response, performer interaction, company size, training; length of performance, structure, technique)? Identify 3 performances to build the content of your argument. (Noises Off, Orchesis, and Vivo Flamenco Carlota Santana) The performing arts has always had trivial meaning within the academic and artistic portions of my life, but after being continuously exposed to the Elmira CollegeRead MoreAfrican American Stereotypes in the Media1396 Words   |  6 PagesAfrican American people are Ghetto,† I was very offended that someone would make this type of assumption about my culture, and I thought how ignorant this person must be; but then I stopped and wondered why other people would think this about us. I asked her why she would say something like this, and she instantly listed shows like Tosh.O and Chelsea Lately, which highlight my culture in a negative view. It was clear to me that she had made up her mind about black people through watching the mediaRead MoreDance Paper1652 Words   |  7 Pagesaccompanied by two sticks called chimtes. With the sticks, you would basically make some type of beat or rhythm out of it. The dhol is a necessary ingredient in bhangra music and without it there can b e no bhangra music. A bouncing motion is the main characteristic using steps in perfect harmony when waving arms this in sync dance needs timing is one thing that is really crucial in bhangra as hundreds of different variations are involved performers all have a confident smile. (Deshpande, S. ,2000). BhangraRead MoreEffects of Rap Music on Crime14002 Words   |  57 PagesListening to Rap: Cultures of Crime, Cultures of Resistance Julian Tanner, University of Toronto Mark Asbridge, Dalhousie University Scot Wortley, University of Toronto This research compares representations of rap music with the self-reported criminal behavior and resistant attitudes of the music’s core audience. Our database is a large sample of Toronto high school students (n = 3,393) from which we identify a group of listeners, whose combination of musical likes and dislikes distinguish them

The Automobile A False Sense of Freedom Essay - 2348 Words

From the promises of the automobile to the model-T no one could predict how the car would alter the world we live in. The dependency on the automobile is quickly shifting from not only an American problem, but a global one. As Rudi Volti describes the begging’s of the Automobile, we also see America’s curiosity in the new technology and how it could change our world for the better, (2006). Volti describes how the automobile wasn’t an American invention, but quickly became the American ideal; no one has developed and changed the automobile as much as America, (2006). From the begging the automobile promised freedom that we had never experienced before, it has greatly altered our landscape and our culture. Amy Best describes the Latino youth†¦show more content†¦It is really a vacation when it so closely resembles work, (false promise). A blatant denial existed in the early vacationing of black travelers. Are we there yet?, also describes how early Black t ravelers had to create their own tour guides in agencies, in order to know where they were welcome (2010). These ‘Green Books’ were the only access to vacationing that Blacks had, they sights often included monuments and large companies that would work with Blacks. The early vacations of blacks showed the stark contrast between their freedom and that of their white counter-parts. While the American vacation showcases both false promises and blatant lacks of freedom, these concepts exist today throughout our culture. False Promises Time and time again our dependency on the automobile is present. For our lives exist the way they do because of the automobile and could not exist any other way with it. â€Å"[Our] ability to participate both physically and symbolically in American cultural life depends on the car†, (Best, 2006). The automobile defines the life we live and often, â€Å"cars serve as ‘extended selves’†, (Best, 2006). 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Marketing management 4 Case Studies of Successful Companies

Question: Describe following case studies? Case study 1: Pegasus AirlinesCase study 2: John Lewis: middle Englands retailer of choiceCase Study 3: TescoCase Study 4: Porsche brand Answer: Case study 1: Pegasus Airlines Introduction: Pegasus airlines were found in 1990, 25 years ago. It is recognized for the low cost airline and its headquarters is in Turkey (Tudruj et al., 2015). Istanbuls is the second main hub were the Pegasus airlines fly, sabiha gokcen is an international airport. Pegasus airlines try to come up in the market till 1990-2012 and in 2007 they carry more and more passenger and it was known as the second largest airline in turkey in the years of 2012. Atlasjet airlines, Onur airline etc are the domestic competitors, while France, British airway etc are the international competitors of Pegasus airline. They come up with the three strategies that are they pay attention towards their customers, they love their customers, and lastly, they provide more facilities and services to their customers. Examples of the needs, wants and demands that Pegasus customers demonstrate and implication of each for Pegasus practices: Pegasus come up with the needs, wants, and demand to satisfy their customers and also try to fulfill all the requirements of the customers and also try to fulfill it in any cost because they want their customers to be happy and provide them a safe journey (Miller, 2015). Needs: The basic needs of Pegasus airlines to satisfy their customers are the following: The flights are on time. The cost of the flight ticket is low because they come up with the low price strategy. Food facilities are also available in flight. Wants: The wants of Pegasus airlines to satisfy their customers are: Flight is on time and customers would not wait for it, because there is no delay system in their flight. Ticket can be affordable due to the low price strategy and all types of passenger can afford it and the staff services are also good. In this they also provide a various facilities that is good food, proper hospitality etc. Lastly, they also come up with the social network chain which will help them to keep on updating themselves on time. Demands: The demand of Pegasus airlines to satisfy their customers is: They declare that if the flight is delayed they will return their money. Credit loyalty card will be provided which will help the customer while booking their tickets. Description of all the facets of Pegasus Product: Pegasus arises with lots of things which provide the top services to their customers. They come up with reducing the price of tickets in Turkey, so every kind of passenger can afford it (Charoensettasilp and Wu, 2013).. They also claim that if the flight is postponed they will return their money. Pegasus comes up with the Credit loyalty card will be provided to the customers and help they while booking their tickets and also reduce the insurance rate. Pegasus keeps on listing to the customers feedback for better inclination (Hundertmark, Simicic and Vincent, 2015). Five marketing management concepts best applies to Pegasus: According to the case study Pegasus come up with different concepts to satisfy their customer, in this marketing management concept is best fitted for the Pegasus airline. There are five different types of marketing concept that is 1] Production concept, which are base on customer details which are available in the market. 2] Product concept, customers are paying attention on those product and services which fulfill their expectation. 3] Selling concept, in this they are based on the facts. 4] Marketing concept, it delivers and communicates the value of their target customers (Starcevic, 2013). 5] Societal marketing concept, which fulfills the requirement of the entire society, satisfied their customers as well as their organization. Value Pegasus creates for its customers: Yes, Pegasus created some value to their customers like integrity, quality, delivery and safety. To fulfill the entire requirement which is above their hope like discount rates, they give the full payment if the flight is postponed. There strategy is the price of tickets is low and can b affordable (Yoo, Kim and Lee, 2015). Pegasus likely to continue being in building customer relationship: Yes, Pegasus will continued being successful in building customers relation because for them their customers are the key aspects. There hope is to create a sustainable connection with its customers while leveraging the potential of social network and other digital technology. Pegasus create a Strong image in the market, what they say they fulfill all the requirement of their customers which is the most important for their success and it also reflect the words of customers on a special websites titled Pegasus listens to you. Case study 2: John Lewis: middle Englands retailer of choice: John lewis: It is a departmental store chain which is based on middle class customers. John Lewis brand means to consumers. Strength and weakness as the company moves forward in tough economic condition: According to them, John lewis (Lewis, 2015) provide a better service to their customers with a lesser employees turnover and construct higher trust among their customers, so for that here the brand is means to customer. To distribute a strong customer services they help to build a chain in an organizational structure. In organizational structure the customer is very well know that they are not compromise on the quality of products, prices or on services. Here the brand is the strength for the company as they moved forward in hard economic situation on the high street because they fully alert on consumer demand for the products. John Lewin also built a desirable status for giving the best advice to shopper (Anisimova, 2010). Actually selling by John Lewis: In this case study John Lewin sale wide range of goods, like electrical, home garden, sports and fashion goods etc. According to the case study, here the customer is mainly buy electronic items or the home appliances and technology. John lewis says that it is the core benefits of buying the electronic items and home appliances is they will distribute that product on time and also provide a better quality of goods and services to their customers (Goverover and DeLuca, 2015). According to the case study the actual product means adding up more features to the product that is benefited to the customers take an example of an camera and camera is known for capturing the vision and the plan is to add up more appearance and necessities which the customers wants in good camera, and last is the augmented product in which the level is base on after sale services with warranty and so on like for example John lewin give a agreement of five years free services with the purchase of any electronic item (An et al., 2010). Recommendation for the future of John Lewis Partnership: According to them, the recommendation, make to the managing directors for the future of the John lewis partnership, the company is public limited were their employee has referred to as a followers. Employees presents and future records should be taken care by the management. John Lewis also provides a reward system to their employees for the partnership and also provides a better quality of goods and services. The company is setting up for first forays into the US and Australia and its also recruiting its first partner outsides the UK for a buying office in India. The elements of successful service model like John Lewis really can be transferred to public services: Yes, the element of a successful services service model of john lewis transfer to the public sectors because the staff gave instruction to British police officers in how to be more qualified and selfless when dealing with sufferers and witness of crime, the departmental stores has become an symbol of a new entrepreneurship for politicians. Hospitals can be like a John Lewis Shop and the barriers of it: No, hospitals cannot be like John Lewis shop because the barriers that arises is that there is full of highly professional called upon to use their decision yet they must also do something which no organization consults does. Another barrier is that the persons feel empower to use their perception, qualified information and judgment and anticipated to work as a highly disciplined team. Case Study 3: Tesco Introduction: Tesco Plc is a British multinational grocery and general Merchandise retailers and its headquarters is in Cheshunt, England and Hertfordshire. Tesco come under second largest in the world by revenue were as in profit its come on third largest company in the world. Tesco has many stores across 12 countries including Asia and Europe, were as grocery market leader in the UK, the republic of Ireland, Malaysia, Thailand and Hungary. In the year 1919 Tesco was founded by Jack Cohen as a group of market stalls which was expanded rapidly and over 100 Tesco stores across the country in the years of 1939 (Tesco develops new learning portal, 2010). The Big Price Drop, deviate from Cohens original motto pile them high and sell them cheap: Yes, Tescos promote promotional pricing campaign, the Big price Drop, deviate from Cohens original motto of pile them high and sell them cheap. Tesco inventive motto was to sell product at a low-priced but in a better volume, which in turn facilitate the organization to develop in better ways. According to this approach they suggest their customers that kind of product which price is low compares with the high street. This conventional strategy has been doing well in 2010 because one in each six microwaves and one in each four small television sell in the UK was purchase from a Tesco stores (Rust, Moorman, Bhalla,2010). In case of Price drop policy, the company promise the customers to price cut on over 3000 indispensable items across their stores for making the cost of customer shopping basket cheaper. Soon the competitor also taken the plan of price reduction and there became one price conflict soon. This policy is totally abstracted from its original motto, that if the product is buy in a huge amount then the price of the product get decrease, while buying a product in huge amount then only they will get discounts on 3000 essential items. Hence the result of reducing the cost of grocery store, they enlarged small edge for their supermarkets. Here the money is not only aware about the customers but also totally against by this strategy, because they thought that this policy will damage their quality of product and then consumer will visit variety of stores to find out good quality of products (Massa, Testa,2012). Pricing to segment the food market and position of Tesco: Tesco used pricing to segment the food market and position its offering are below the big brand pricing and distribution policy during the 1990s Tesco began to expand its own well-known grocery and non grocery products. Recognize special market segments and customer needs. According to the case study Tesco bring in a portfolio of own-brands characterize by differences in pricing structural design. Tesco launched their motto in 1992 every little helps. In this Tesco offer their brand to the shopper with necessary grocery item that is orange juice, bread, and baked beans with decreasing the price of that product while comparing to its competitors. While doing adding to the beginning of Tescos own branded variety of groceries items like organic produce, healthy living etc. Tesco bring it luxury range of creation to the marketplace in 1998 and Tesco core plan was low prices with greater volume of sales and growth of its lower prices. These are the approaches that Tesco used their pricing strategy to segment their food market and position its existing (Sinha, Kar,2010). Reason of willing to pay different prices for the same category of food by the customers: Tesco planned to reply their UK consumers while changing their lifestyle and growing affluence, products sold under the premium label with existing finest quality and prices. Not only this policy that is help out by Tesco in gaining market share and secure a better proportion of consumers expend, own identified goods are also facilitate Tesco in achieving higher profit margin on their product compare to others and those who earned from the sale of branded goods which are purchase from outside suppliers and consumers are eager to pay different prices for same kind of product. Importance of Tescos Clubcard to assist the managers in developing pricing strategies: Tesco come up with their loyalty card in 1995, during which company can extraordinary right of entry to record where, and how much at which price customers buy goods from Tesco, the Club card rewards participant with price cut coupons and customized their price promotions. Therefore, they permit the Tesco to build complete profile of their customers purchase behavior and value sensitivities through which the manager might get help in raising their pricing strategy (Davenport, Mule, Lucker,2011). The major pricing strategies have Tesco demonstrated evidence of adopting since 1919: During 1919 the main pricing policy which had been adopt by Tesco is Pile it high and sell it cheap, which means products are sell at cheaper price by producing the product at a larger quantity. Tesco will move away from price deals and focus on the quality and focus on the quality and range of its products in future: Yes, Tesco will move away from price deals and focus on the quality and range of its products in the future because Tesco come up with the Big Price Drop strategy which was costing over 500million, funded in part by slash club card points and one-off promotions, this campaign promise their consumers with price cuts on over 3000 essential items across their stores making the cost of customers shopping baskets at cheaper price. Tesco competitors are like Asda, Sainsbury etc is also involved themselves in Reduction of price wars. For these reasons consumer thought that competitors will harm the product quality and after that they will visit from one store to other stores to find out better quality of products. For this price deduction of Tesco will not help the customer of extra buying which reduction has not been equalize. Due to this reason Tesco initiate shop voucher and come up with the tagline is, it was only for Thanksgiving (Burt,Sparks, Teller,2010). Yes, clearly price constantly play a vital role in Tesco future promotional strategies. Case Study 4: Porsche brand Introduction: Porsche was founded in 1931 by Ferdinand Porsche the man credited for designing the original Volkswagen Beetle- Adolf Hitlers people car and one of the most successful car designs of all time. Porsche headquarters is in Stuttgart and it owned by Volkswagen AG. They designed a several heavy tanks during the war (Fournier Avery, 2011). Analysis of the buyer decision process of a traditional Porsche customer: The buyer Decision process of traditional Porsche customers followed five consequential stages such as need recognition, information search, evaluation of alternatives, decision related to purchase and post purchasing behavior. Porsche is a niche brand marketers. They are known for making a tiny cars and unique segment of car buyers. They have sold very few models for screening their individuality in the market. Porsche owner were strained to it because of its car features with air-chilled four and six- container boxer motors in the back of the car. During the traditional day Porsche only make automobile for monetarily winning people. The buyer who purchase that car they see themselves not a part of the normal world but an exclusion to its. The landlord doesnt pay for the car for its usefulness reason but they buy the car for their satisfaction. The owner who buy the car and expand their connection with the car such as its noise, vibrate and feel (Batra, Lenk Wedel, 2010). Contrast the traditional Porsche customer decision process to the decision process for a Cayenne or a Panamera customer: In this case of traditional Porsche the chair was 2 but lest of cayenne the chair was five with the seatbelts (Pongsakornrungsilp Schroeder, 2011). The cayenne was approximately 2,500kg was heavier than everything like tanks. In case of traditional car, steam engine was stern but in cayenne or Panamera it was into the frontage. Two and a half ton beast that could speed up 60miles/hr in traditional car was as 165miles/hr in cayenne coddle with five adults in luxurious leather seating with approximately no storm noise from the external world. As a result, the Cayenne or Panamera model are only for sustain its uniqueness and it has more settlement than the traditional one. Explanation regarding selling of so many lower-priced models in the 1970s and 1980s: Designed for the original few decades Ferry twisted the Porsche 356 model without burden of any kind of M.R., sales forecasting and R.O.I calculation (da Silveira, Lages Simes, 2013). They simply build vision car for the clients and for the choosy buyer. Other than because roll on the manager and occur some issue such as: whether there are sufficient Porsche buyer to keep business floating? A niche marketer also has to support in modernization. It has moreover begin to concern that the individual personality of the people who pay money for it. Porsches capacity is to run out on them. As a result, in the early 1970 it has introduced the 914 model middle engine, with two seats which was cheaper than the traditional 911 model (Han, Nunes Drze, 2010). Explanations regarding both positive and negative attitudes towards a brand like Porsche develop. Way of changing consumer attitudes toward brad by the Porsche: The positive and negative attitude toward a brand like Porsche develop is at the beginning of years 1950-1960 they build up the world well-known models like 356 and 911 models. In the beginning it has appeal to an extremely contracted section of monetarily successful community. Their goal was far above the ground and they were work determinedly to assemble them. The buyer buy those cars for their enjoyment but not for to achieve the everyday duty. They make special relationships with the cars such as its sound, vibrate etc. These cars were mostly for a definite group of people. Later on in early 1970 they have introduced 914 a square-ish mid-engine two seated which was cheaper than 911. These are normally for middle class people who can afford to buy it at higher selling car. While this car is extremely high selling cars other than due to its low-priced the traditional Porsche holder were not pleased (Avery, 2010). All over again in 2002 they jump into high ending model such as Cayenne, Panamera which were the high ended models with more momentum, frontage engine are heavier than traditional cars. These models are simply chosen for those people who are regular buyers of Porsche and they maintain their individuality. As a result, when there is some kind of financial recession, Porsche is not at all a good choice but when recession turn rear up Porsche is the better choice for meeting customer fulfillment. Role Plays by the Porsche brand in the self concept of its buyer: Role played by the Porsche brand in the self concept of its buyers are, they divided it into two classes one is for middle class and other is for upper class (Deighton, Avery, Fear, 2011). They say that if the cost is reasonable to all people, it will demolish the high level of social status of the brand, Again Porsche has appeal to a very slight division of monetarily successful group of people as the price was very luxurious due to the good feature and lastly, Porsche handle to create a brand name of completely and exclusivity without the argumentation from others and Next, they put their buyer in their own class of individuality (Zhechev, Stanimirov, 2013). References An, J., Fan, J., Hua, R. and Feng, D. (2010). Augmented Product Modeling Technique in New Product Development.AMR, 156-157, pp.36-41. Anisimova, T. (2010). Corporate brand: The company-customer misalignment and its performance implications. J Brand Manag, 17(7), pp.488-503 Avery, J. (2010). Gender bender brand hijacks and consumer revolt: The Porsche Cayenne story.Consumer behavior: Human pursuit of happiness in the world of goods, 645-649. Batra, R., Lenk, P., Wedel, M. (2010). Brand extension strategy planning: empirical estimation of brand-category personality fit and atypicality.Journal of Marketing Research,47(2), 335-347. Burt, S., Sparks, L., Teller, C. (2010). Retailing in the United Kingdom-a synopsis. InEuropean Retail Research(pp. 173-194). Gabler Verlag. Charoensettasilp, S. and Wu, C. (2013). Attitude and Needs of Thai People in Selecting da Silveira, C., Lages, C., Simes, C. (2013). Reconceptualizing brand identity in a dynamic environment.Journal of Business Research,66(1), 28-36. Davenport, T. H., Mule, L. D., Lucker, J. (2011). Know what your customers want before they do.harvard Business review,89(12), 84-92. Deighton, J., Avery, J., Fear, J. (2011). Porsche: The Cayenne Launch.Harvard Business School Marketing Unit Case, (511-068). Fournier, S., Avery, J. (2011). The uninvited brand.Business Horizons,54(3), 193-207. Goverover, Y. and DeLuca, J. (2015). Actual reality: Using the Internet to assess everyday functioning after traumatic brain injury.Brain Injury, pp.1-7. Han, Y. J., Nunes, J. C., Drze, X. (2010). Signaling status with luxury goods: The role of brand prominence.Journal of Marketing,74(4), 15-30. Hundertmark, S., Simicic, D. and Vincent, G. (2015). Acceleration of Aluminum Booster Projectiles With PEGASUS.IEEE Transactions on Plasma Science, pp.1-1. Lewis, J. (2015). CBG.Pathology, 47, p.S15. Massa, S., Testa, S. (2012). The role of ideology in brand strategy: the case of a food retail company in Italy.International Journal of Retail Distribution Management,40(2), 109-127. Miller, A. (2015). Need, demand and time.Br Dent J, 218(4), pp.210-210. Pongsakornrungsilp, S., Schroeder, J. E. (2011). Understanding value co-creation in a co-consuming brand community.Marketing Theory,11(3), 303-324. Rust, R. T., Moorman, C., Bhalla, G. (2010). Rethinking marketing.Harvard business review,88(1/2), 94-101. Sinha, P. K., Kar, S. K. (2010). Insights into the growth of new retail formats in India. InRetailing in the 21st Century(pp. 119-140). Springer Berlin Heidelberg. Starcevic, S. (2013). Research of brand personality concept in marketing.Marketing, 44(2), pp.149-172. Tesco develops new learning portal. (2010).Industrial and Commercial Training, 42(6). Tudruj, M., Borkowski, J., Kopaski, D., Laskowski, E., Mako,  . and Smyk, A. (2015). PEGASUS DA framework for distributed program execution control based on application global states monitoring.Concurrency Computat.: Pract. Exper., 27(4), pp.1027-1053. Yoo, J., Kim, T. and Lee, G. (2015). When Customers Complain: The Value of Customer Orientation in Service Recovery.Cornell Hospitality Quarterly. Zhechev, V. S., Stanimirov, E. (2013). The Impact of Brand Extensions on Brand Image Dilution Related to Nichemanship: An Example of Porsche in Bulgaria.International Journal of Professional Management,8(6).

Positive and Negative Effects of Tesco free essay sample

Positive and Negative Impacts of Tesco Tesco was founded by Jack Cohen in 1919, and grew at a mind-blowing pace, by 1939 there were 100 stores located across the country; since 1990 Tesco has expanded it’s store locations, and selling varieties. Nowadays Tesco is one of the leading grocery and general merchandise retailer chain in the world. Covering 14 countries in Asia, Europe and America. It has a market share of 30% in the UK, and is considered as a monopoly; this has bought negative impacts and positive impacts to society. Negative Impacts Tesco fails to pay farmers adequate share of retail price. It benefits from financial economies of scale, therefore they are able to negotiate unfair conditions to pay farmers at a very low price for supplies. According to Competition Commission, Tesco pays farmers 4% less than the average price of other retailers, because of this thousands of farmers and workers are forced to leave the industry every year. We will write a custom essay sample on Positive and Negative Effects of Tesco or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page I get 378 Rand [? 32. 50] pay every two weeks. I cant afford school fees for my daughter or go to school functions or buy school uniforms says Tawana Fraser. Tesco suppliers employs millions of worker worldwide. Using their enormous buying power, Tesco forces factories located in poor countries to lower their price and deliver goods at a faster speed and rate. This demand pressure will then be passed onto factories workers in forms of harsh working conditions (working in hazardous gas etc. ), extremely long working hours and wage cuts. This will inevitably result in more workers like Fraser, struggling to maintain a reasonable standard of life. Homeworkers are also large victims of wage cuts, as their wages are often paid below the national minimum wage. A research done by Clean Clothes Campaign show serious workers right violation done by Tesco to garment suppliers outside of UK. â€Å"I worry about my security. I dont have job security because we are subcontracted. I am always afraid that I will have no money to pay in a month† says a Tesco supplier. Tesco uses subcontracts to restrain workers from forming unions to complain and reveal Tescos nasty ways of treating poorer workers. Tesco has a big influence in the behaviors of consumers. Shoppers were encouraged to travel by car, because of this 1/10 journeys in the UK are to buy food. This brings more than 3. 5 billion pounds of traffic emission cost. It also encourages buyers to buy unhealthy food. A survey from Consumer Focus showed that only 14% promotion were vegetables, whereas 35% promotion for fatty and sugary products; 1/3 of the products had misleading or complicated food labeling. Small local stores are struggling to compete with Tesco, due to unfair competition. From 1998 to 2002, 50 specialist stores closed down. In 2005 there was a loss of 2157 independent convenience retailers. Positive impacts As a multinational firm, Tesco employs 472,000 workers world wide. Tesco not only employs large amounts of lower-class uneducated people; they also employes highly skilled workers. Since it’s such a large store there will be more opportunities for job development, such as large amounts interactions with others. They also offer graduate programs for college graduates, this will decrease the time for college graduate to find jobs in society. As well as that, young potentials are being discovered, graduates are trained to become leaders. Resulting in an increase in society efficiency. A large firm like Tesco influences consumers greatly, they’ve used this power to promote positive thoughts, events and charities. Tesco is currently working with Cancer Research UK to help find cures for cancer; it’s also promoting a greener environment by giving out tips to customers on how to become greener.

Methinks vs. I Think

Methinks vs. I Think Methinks vs. I Think Methinks vs. I Think By Maeve Maddox An archaic verb form that survives in modern speech, thanks to its presence in a well-known quotation from Hamlet, is methinks. A Google search for â€Å"methinks† brings up more than five million hits. The quotation appears in the â€Å"mousetrap scene† in Hamlet. Traveling actors are performing a play written to Hamlet’s specifications. He wants to dramatize his father’s murder and produce a guilty reaction in his stepfather. The Player Queen gives a highly charged speech about her feelings for her husband, swearing that, should he die, she will never remarry. Hamlet asks his mother, â€Å"How do you like the play?† Uncomfortable with the speech because of her own remarriage, Hamlet’s mother replies, â€Å"The lady protests too much, methinks.† Modern speakers frequently misquote the line as, â€Å"Methinks the lady doth protest too much† and seem to believe it means something like, â€Å"I think the person is trying to hide something by denying it so strongly.† Methinks is not the equivalent of â€Å"I think.† The thinks in methinks comes from the Old English verb thyncan: â€Å"to seem† or â€Å"to appear.† The think in â€Å"I think I’ll drive to Tulsa this weekend† comes from Old English thencan: â€Å"to think.† Methinks means â€Å"It seems to me.† Originally, it was spelled as two words. The me is an indirect object: â€Å"It seems to me.† Now it is spelled as one word, although some modern speakers, imagining that it means, â€Å"I think† spell it as two words. Note: Using methinks as if it meant, â€Å"I think† equates to such baby talk as â€Å"Me wants a cookie.† The past tense of methinks is methought: Methought I heard a voice cry, â€Å"Sleep no more! Macbeth does murder sleep.† –Macbeth, Act II, scene ii. Another misunderstood word in the Hamlet quotation is protest. Modern speakers interpret it to mean, â€Å"to object,† but Gertrude means it in the sense of â€Å"to promise.† She thinks the Player Queen is overdoing her promise never to remarry should her husband die: Player Queen: Both here and hence pursue me lasting strife, If once I be a widow, ever I be a wife! Paraphrase: May nothing but trouble hound my steps for the rest of my life if I ever remarry after my husband’s death. Here are a few examples of how methinks is being used on the Web: Me thinks I have the perfect frame for it. Me thinks  Im in need of some serious psychiatric help. Me thinks  you drank a wee bit too much one night. Methinks  Jay Leno Is a Closet Conservative/Libertarian. Methinks ESPN’s Chris Broussard WANTS to get fired. Because so many speakers are already confused about the proper way to use the pronouns me and I, it may be a good idea to retire the use of methinks–at least at the beginning of a sentence. Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Misused Words category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:10 Grammar Mistakes You Should AvoidWriting the Century10 Humorous, Derisive, or Slang Synonyms for â€Å"Leader† or â€Å"Official†

The Meaning of Tenir in French and How to Use the Verb

The Meaning of Tenir in French and How to Use the Verb Tenir is an irregular verb ending in -ir and usually means to hold or to keep. Tenir has a number of other meanings, including some which depend on the preposition that follows. Its used in a number of French expressions. Meanings of Tenir Tenir usually means to hold or to keep: Quest-ce quil tient la main?  Translation: What is he holding in his hand?Je dois tenir les enfants par la main. Translation: I need to hold the kids hands.Tenez les yeux fermà ©s. Translation: Keep your eyes closed.Il faut tenir cette affiche en place. Translation: You need to hold this poster in place. Additional Meanings To have/keep under control: Vous tenez bien votre classe.Translation: You have your class under control. To run/manage (a business): Qui tient le magasin?Translation: Whos running the store? To organize (an event): Le comità © tient une sà ©ance chaque mois.Translation: The committee holds a meeting every month. To handle, be able to accept: Elle ne tient pas lalcool. (informal)Translation: She cant hold her liquor. To keep: Je tiens toujours mes promesses.I always keep my promises. To take up, fulfill: Cette table tient trop de place.Translation: This table takes up too much room Tenir Tenir may be followed by a noun, an infinitive, or a clause. When followed by a noun, it means either to value, care about, be attached to or to be due to, stem from: Je ne tiens pas son opinion. Translation: I dont care about his opinion. quoi tient son succà ¨s? Translation: What is the secret of his success? When followed by an infinitive or ce que subjunctive, tenir means to be anxious/eager: Je tiens vous remercier. Translation: Im eager to thank you.Il tient ce que tu sois laise. Translation: Hes anxious for you to feel comfortable. Tenir can also be used to mean to depend on - most commonly with ne___ qu: Cela ne tient qu toi de choisir. Translation: Its up to you to choose. The choice depends (only) on you.Cela ne tient pas qu moi. Translation: It doesnt depend on me alone. Tenir de Tenir de means to take after/resemble, to have to do with: Elle tient de sa mà ¨re. Translation: She takes after her mother.Cela tient du miracle. Translation: That seems like a miracle, Theres something miraculous about that. Se Tenir Reflexively, tenir means to hold (oneself), to be in a position, or to behave: Pourquoi se tient-il la jambe? Translation: Why is he holding his leg?Je me tenais par une main. Translation: I held myself (up) with one hand.Tu dois te tenir debout. Translation: You have to stand up.Nous nous tenons prà ªts partir. Translation: Were prepared to leave.Elle se tient bien. Translation: Shes well-behaved.Tiens-toi tranquille! Translation: Behave yourself! Be quiet! Se tenir can also be used intransitively with many of the meanings in the first section (to hold a meeting, to be connected, etc) Present Tense Conjugations je tienstu  tiensil tientnous  tenonsvous  tenezï » ¿ils  tiennent

Case analysis Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words - 2

Analysis - Case Study Example The customer loyalty gained by this company emanates from the trust bestowed upon its good intentions and commitment to sharing the music experience with the community both locally and beyond. Although sharing a similar financial history, the companys principal competitors include the Detroit Symphony Orchestra, the Chicago Symphony Orchestra both of which have operated at deficits in the past. San Francisco Symphony has a high corporate strategy that appreciates its current position, its future aspirations and aims at defining the means of getting to its destination. Under its business strategy, the symphony can be said to have a good long-term plan on how to achieve its strategic objectives by the year 2018. In terms of its human resources, the company takes pride in the rich experience of its director, president and board members as a reliable, functional strategy for both its planning, development and marketing needs. The symphonys superior music experience in terms of recording and performance make up its strengths (Hall & Taylor, 2014). However, the consistent deficits and periodic poor financial performance is a weakness that must be improved to make the companyâ⠂¬â„¢s future brighter. Considering the customer base, and its good leadership, the Symphony has an open opportunity for growth. However, competition and the unionization of the music industry are major threats. An analysis of the competitiveness of the company, the ethical issues that arise in its operations, its financial status and the overall framework shall be made with the aim of establishing its actual position. The competitive analysis will adopt the Porters Five Forces analysis and the VRIO framework. The unstable financial stability of the company marked by consistent deficits will be deeply analysed. The study will endeavour to make recommendations that can improve the company in both its corporate, business and functional strategies. Through its

The Legal Drinking Age Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

The Legal Drinking Age - Essay Example The country does allow its citizen to do everything else like voting or marrying but they are forbidden to take alcohol until they turn 21. The legal age has always been a subject of discussion but it seems right to believe that if a person is old enough to take part in a war then is definitely old enough to drink as well. In the US, a person is considered adult when he turns 18 years of age. However, it is not legal to drink until a person turns 21. This does not make much sense. When a person can own a car, marry at will and make up his or her mind to adopt or abort children at the age of 18 then he or she should be given the right to drink at the same age where he or she can perform all these different activities as mentioned above (Hanson, 2013). Adults can make the right and wise choices for themselves. It is not right and fair that the government has placed a restriction on drinking up to the age of 21 when people are considered mentally and physically matures at 18 years of age. At 18 years of age young adults can vote and go to war in the United States of America. This means that the government believes that they have the ability to think in order to choose the right candidate or politician to run the country (Thio, 2011). If people have the ability to understand the vision of the politician and they are in the position to understand their body and to consume alcohol to their needs. Placing restrictions on young adults who can vote for the better future of the United States of America by voting but cannot consume alcohol only contradicts the judgment of the law-enforcing agencies in the country. If they are big enough to vote then they are big enough to drink alcohol (Thio, 2011). More confusing is the fact that in the United States of America an 18-year-old young adult could go to war in Iraq and Afghanistan but cannot drink a mug of beer.  

Managing Paediatric Illness and Injury Essay Example for Free

Managing Paediatric Illness and Injury Essay 1. Describe the common types of fractures and how to manage them. Broken bone. Based on the location and severity of the fracture, a broken bone usually must be set into position and supported until it is strong enough to bear weight. Your physician will recommend the most proven treatment approach, usually casting or surgery 2. Describe how to manage a dislocation Relieve pain around the dislocation by applying a cold pack to the area; this will also reduce swelling that can add to discomfort injury. Keep joint immobile and do not try to push the bone back in place. Offer ibuprofens if in severe pain, monitor the patient until the professionals arrive. 3. Describe how to recognise and manage the following head injuries: A concussion: you get dizziness, nausea, loss of memory, mild headache, seeing stars, double vision, numbness and lack of hand-eye coordination. B skull fracture: you will probably see an external wound or bruise on the head and there may be a depression visible on the scalp. Check behind the ears for swelling or bruising. There may be loss of clear fluid or watery blood through an eye or nostril, blood in the white of the eye, a black-eye, and the symmetry of the head or face may be disrupted. The responsiveness of the victim may deteriorate C cerebral compression: levels of response deteriorate; headaches tend to be intense; noisy, slowed, or irregular breathing; pupil sizes unequal; paralysis or weakness on one side of the body or face; drowsiness; temperature spike, fever, or flushed face; personality changes 4. Describe how to manage an infant and a child with foreign bodies in their eyes, ears and nose. If a child gets sand, dust, or paint in their eyes, then we can try removing it ourselves, firstly wear clean pair of disposable gloves, and gently pull the bottom eye lid down, and with a clean wet tissue try to clean the eye, and if that don’t work, then try to wash the eye out with water, position the child’s head over the sink or bowl with eye open and wash the eye out using plastic cup, try to pour the water for the side of the eye, if this still don’t work then go to the nearest walking centre. There are several things that can get stuck in  ears and nose, common ones like batteries, beads, nuts. If a child does get anything small stuck in their nose or ear, unless it can easily be pulled out with a firm grip then go for it, if not don’t try because you may end up pushing it further back and making it difficult, in these kind of situations you need to call a first aider, or take the child to the nearest walking centre to get it removed. 5. Describe how to recognise and manage common eye injuries Eye injuries can range from relatively trivial, such as irritating the eye with shampoo, to extremely serious, resulting in permanent loss of vision. Common causes of eye injuries include, something like a small particle of grit or a twig damages the transparent front part of the eye known as the cornea – this type of injury is known as a corneal abrasion. A foreign body such as a small piece of wood or metal gets stuck in the eye. A sudden blow to the eye, from a fist or a cricket ball for example, causes the middle section of the eye (the uvea) to become swollen – this type of injury is known as traumatic uveitis. Wash your eyes out for 20 minutes if you think they have been exposed to a chemical. Ideally, you should wash the eye with saline solution, but tap water will be fine if saline is unavailable. Use plenty of water. Water from a garden hose or water fountain is okay if youre outside. Then go immediately to your nearest AE department. Its also important to go t o AE if you cut your eye and it starts bleeding or if you have something stuck in your eye. Never try to remove anything from your eye as you could damage it. 6. Describe how to recognise and manage chronic medical conditions including:a. Sickle cell anaemia. Sickle cell disease is an inherited disorder in which red blood cells are abnormally shaped. This abnormality can result in painful episodes, serious infections, chronic anaemia, and damage to body organs. These complications can, however, vary from person to person depending on the type of sickle cell disease each has. Some people are relatively healthy and others are hospitalized frequently. But thanks to advancements in early diagnosis and treatment, most kids born with this disorder grow up to live relatively healthy and productive lives. b. Diabetes The main symptoms of diabetes are: feeling very thirsty urinating frequently, particularly at night feeling very tired weight loss and loss of muscle bulk Type 1 diabetes can develop quickly, over weeks or even days. Many people have type 2 diabetes for years without realising because early symptoms tend to be general. The amount of sugar in the blood is usually controlled by a hormone called insulin, which is produced by the pancreas (a gland behind the stomach). When food is digested and enters your bloodstream, insulin moves glucose out of the blood and into cells, where it is broken down to produce energy. However, if you have diabetes, your body is unable to break down glucose into energy. This is because there is either not enough insulin to move the glucose, or the insulin produced does not work properly. c. asthma Asthma is caused by inflammation of the airways. These are the small tubes, called bronchi, which carry air in and out of the lungs. If you have asthma, the bronchi will be inflamed and more sensitive than normal. When you come into contact with something that irritates your lungs, known as a trigger, your airways become narrow, the muscles around them tighten and there is an increase in the production of sticky mucus. This leads to symptoms including: Difficulty breathing Wheezing and coughing A tight chest. While there is no cure for asthma, there are a number of treatments that can help effectively control the condition. Treatment is based on two important goals: Relieving symptoms Preventing future symptoms and attacks from developing Treatment and prevention involves a combination of medicines, lifestyle advice, and identifying and then avoiding potential asthma triggers. Read more about living with asthma. 7. Describe how to recognise and manage serious sudden illnesses including a. Meningitis Viral meningitis usually gets better within a couple of weeks, with plenty of rest and painkillers for the headache. Bacterial meningitis is treated with antibiotics (medication that treats infections caused by bacteria). Treatment will require admission to hospital, with severe cases treated in an intensive care unit so the bodys vital functions can be supported. The best way to prevent meningitis is by ensuring vaccinations are up-to-date. Children in the UK should receive the available vaccines as part of the childhood vaccination programme. b. Febrile convulsions Febrile seizures are also sometimes called febrile convulsions. During most seizures the childs body becomes stiff, they lose consciousness and their arms and legs twitch. Some children may wet themselves. This is whats known as a tonic colonic seizure. If your child is having a febrile seizure, place them in the recovery position. Lay them on their side, on a soft surface, with their face turned to one side. This will stop them swallowing any vomit. It will keep their airway open and help to prevent injury. Stay with your child and try to make a note of how long it lasts. If it is your childs first seizure, or it lasts longer than five minutes, take them to the nearest hospital as soon as possible or call 999 for an ambulance. While it is unlikely that there is anything seriously wrong, it is best to be sure. If your child has had febrile seizures before and the seizure lasts for less than five minutes. Try not to put anything, including medication, in your child’s mouth duri ng a seizure as there is a slight chance that they might bite their tongue. Almost all children make a complete recovery, and there is not a single reported case of a child dying as the direct result of a febrile seizure. 8. Describe how to recognise and treat the effects of extreme cold and extreme heat for an infant and a child. When a child has an extreme cold the signs and symptoms are Shivering in the early stages Cold, pale and dry skin Low temperature 35 degrees or less Irrational behaviour, slow shallow breathing Cold to touch Unusually quite Refuses to feed Treatment for this will be to remove and replace wet clothing, wrap in a warm blanket cover their head place in a warm room. Give them a hot drink only if they can hold the cup. If it’s a baby then warm them up slowly and place them in a warm room, use your body heat to warm them, and seek for medical advice. When a infant or child has an extreme heat the signs and symptoms could be Gradual onset Sweating, cold, clammy skin Dizziness, confusion, headache Cramps in limbs and or abdomen Shallow rapid breathing, nausea Treatment for this is Reassure, remove casualty to cool place Lie down with legs raised If conscious encourage to sip plenty of fluids If recovery is rapid advise them to see the doctor If unconscious put them in recovery and call 999 for ambulance

Malcolm X :: essays research papers

The civil rights movement was a very grueling period in American history, this period promoted social and economic independence for blacks. In order to unite and to better spread the messages of the civil rights movement to other blacks throughout the country many black organizations choose leaders with powerful speaking skills to spread there messages. One of the most influential leaders of the civil rights movement was a young Muslim preacher by the name of Malcolm X. Malcolm Little was born on May 19, 1925, the son of Louise and Earl Little of Omaha, Nebraska. Louise Little was a mulatto born in Grenada in the British West Indies. And Earl Little was a Baptist minister and organizer for Marcus Garvey's Universal Negro Improvement Association. Louise, his second wife, bore six children: Wilfred, Hilda, Philbert, Malcolm, Yvonne, and Reginald. Earl Little also had three children by a first wife: Ella, Earl, and Mary. Little had migrated with his family from Philadelphia to the midwe st, first to Milwaukee, then Omaha, and finally to East Lansing, Mich. In 1929 the family house was burned down, by white supremacists. After Earl Little died in 1931 in a streetcar accident, Malcolm's mother eventually had a mental breakdown and entered an inside asylum. The siblings were dispersed to other families. Malcolm lived with a foster family before moving to Roxbury, Mass., in 1941 to live with a half sister, Ella Collins. A few months after his arrival in Roxbury, a predominantly black section of Boston, Malcolm dropped out of school (having completed eight grade) and took a job as a shoeshine boy at the Roseland Ballroom in Boston's Back Bay section. A career as a hustler seemed a more tempting option, and he was soon selling narcotics. Roxbury proved to be too small for him, and in 1942 he took a job as a railroad dining-car porter, working out of Roxbury and Harlem. Settling in Harlem, he became involved in robbery, prostitution, and narcotics. After a year in Harlem Malcolm was officially initiated into hustler society. He returned to Boston in 1945 after a falling out with another hustler, and continued a life of crime, forming his own house robbing gang. He was arrested for robbery in February 1946, and was convicted and sentenced to prison for seven years. While in prison, Malcolm became a follower of Elijah Muhammad, the leader of a small, urban cult, the Nation of Islam, with branches in Detroit, Chicago, and New York.

ABC’s Unique Selling Proposition

In this fast changing world, preferences of people change as well. For instance, people became more health conscious than before. So, Anheuser-Bush Company which is known because of excellent beers produced comes up with the product better than its competitors. The product is Bud20. It is a kind of beer which includes a content of 20 calories in one bottle. It contains the lowest calorie compared to Cools and Miller and other competitors as well.Even though, the ingredient has only 20 calories, it is still considered as great tasting and finest beer in order to meet the demands of the customer in both the higher and the lower ends. Surely, the people will patronize the product and bring a high profit in the company. Since the company can afford to introduce the product to the higher advertisement, it is much easier to sell. The fastest way to advertise the product is through TV commercials and product launching in one of the variety shows in the country.Promoting the product to numer ous magazines and newspapers daily or weekly is also an effective marketing technique that should be applied. Since the company is one of the largest brewing companies and has established a good and respectable reputation when it comes to the manufacturing of beers, they gained a wide range of marketers to sell their product. These are supermarkets, groceries, convenience stores, liquor stores, restaurants and bars. . Bibliography Anheuser-Busch Companies, One Busch Place. St. Louis, MO 63118. 2 Dec. 2007. http://www. anheuser-busch. com/Products. html

Operational management Essay

1. Viking Sewing Machines ltd, a large company, was engaged in manufacturing and marketing household sewing machines including electronic models and low priced mechanical models. Sale of domestic sewing machines was declining all over the world in view of the increasing popularity of readymade garments produced by companies using industrial sewing machines. At this stage there was a change in the ownership of Viking in 1997, when the CEO resigned and a new CEO took charge. Under his leadership, Viking considered the following mission statements for the company: a. To develop, produce, market and sell sewing machines and related products which enhance the joy of creative sewing; b. To be consumer driven company ensuring growth, profitability and success by providing superior satisfaction to the consumers and our dealer partners by continuously adding value to the Viking brand; c. To be recognized as the leading premier sewing machine company in the world; and d. To expand our business by creating demand for more creative uses of sewing. Which one of the above mission statements should the company adopt and why? Answer Every business had to be managed and operated with a long term seted goal. So, they need to forecast about the upcoming future of the company and that forecasting should be done in such a way so that it can be more effective and efficient for the organization in the long run. Here, the competitors had already beat the Viking Sewing Machine ltd. So to stay in the competitive market, Viking Sewing Machine ltd should adopt such a policy so that they can be sustainable in the market. Therefore, in order to be sustainable Viking Sewing Machine ltd should follow the second mission statement â€Å"to be a consumer driven company ensuring growth, profitability and success by providing superior satisfaction to the consumers and our dealer patter and by continuously adding value to the Viking Brand.† Because, consumers are the key assets for every company. When consumers will be satisfied with the product they have purchased, they themselves will repeatedly buy the products and they will promote the product by themselves to their close persons. Thus the company would gain some valued customers which will help them to be stable in the market. Again, when Viking will  maintain a good relation to their dealers (supply chain management is very important for every organization), they will be very glad for working with such a company. They will also be loyal with the company and will do for the betterment of the company always. 2. For more than ten years till 1995, Laboni stores ltd was successfully running a a number of retail stores selling cosmetics and skin care products. From 1996, sales were stagnating and now after a year had started declining. The general manager of the company made enquiries from stores in charge at various locations of stores. All of them reported that ladies, particularly the younger generation, were found to be highly discriminating about choice of products. Demand for certain branded items widely fluctuated due to movie artists’ preferences shown on the TV. Also there is a marketed tendency to equate quality with rice. The general managed decided to have environmental analysis carried out with a focus on changes in social and cultural factors among urban ladies On that basis he even thought of recommending to the board of directors a complete change in the product lines to be decided. Do you think the GM was right in his approach regarding environmental scanning? What other factors in the environment needed analysis? If there was a clear change in tastes and preferences of buyers of certain products, is it essential for the company to switch over to a different product line? Answer Every organization in the world needs to modify their business model in some context. When the demand for their products starts to decline due to the change in tastes and preferences of their customers and their competitive pressure keep increasing, they should grab a new policy for their company just to be sustaining in the competitive market. Here, considering the above mentioned fact, I would say that yes, the general manager was right in his approach regarding environmental scanning of the product. Because by scanning the environment, the company would able to know the actual demand of their products and some other factors which are hampering their market such as the quality of their competitors product, what new demand exist in  the market, what their customer wants, which innovation should they bring . As there was a clear change in the tastes and preferences of their customers of certain products, the company should switch over to a different product line based on the result s they have found from the scanning of the environment. 3. Avik industries ltd was a family owned conglomerate with diversified business activities including consumers’ durables, switchgears, batteries and both toilate and washing soapes. For a number of years the company prospered with growth in volumes and market share. But its performance had setback in 1999, when the net margins in switchgears, the most profitable product, declined from 12 to 11%, while in consumer durables it had halved to 6%, the batteries business was under pressure, and the ailing soaps division had just started looking up. The chief executive of the switchgear unit observed that the results would have been worse but for the focus on operational efficiency. For years, Avik had been organized along four divisions as independent profit centres. Except for HR and finance, all other functions were decentralized. The advantage was that each of the businesses had a strong focus. It also facilitated customer focus. The flipside was that divisions became insular and inward looking. Each division had its own ad budget even separated ad agencies. The sales force was pushed to look at short term product promotions in the face of competitive pressure. The cost of sales was rising much faster than rate of growth in sales. It seemed divisional autonomy had been pushed too far down the line. Should the divisional set up be disbanded? Or, should the divisions be converted into SBUs and spun off into separate companies? Is there any other alternative structure possible? Answer Decentralization makes all individual more creative as their decisions get more valued from the top level of the organization. So they get more encouraged to take all the decisions of the company very carefully as they know that they will be treated well for a better decision in future. Now  considering the mentioned fact, my suggestion would be neither the divisional set up should be disbanded nor a single division should be converted in to separate companies. Rather,  Avik industries ltd should disbanded their decision of decentralizing their all other departments. I would say that the decentralization would be very better for the company. And altogether, the SBUs must be added into all their separated departments. Henceforth, the decentralization will allow all other departments to make their own decision and the SBUs will put all the information of the organization from all the separated departments together. Thus, the management board and all others can look for every decision of their organization that had taken in separated departments and would be able to make any correction if they needed in future. So, the decision would mostly come from the top level of the company which will bring the betterment for the company.

How Long is the ACT with Extended Time

How Long is the ACT with Extended Time SAT / ACT Prep Online Guides and Tips Students with documented disabilities who would like extended time on the ACT can request one of two options: National Extended Time, which entails 50% additional time, or Special Testing, which varies by student, includes more than time and a half, and tends to take place over multiple testing days. This guide will take a deeper look at the options for extended time on the ACT, and how long the test-taking experience is for students with these accommodations. To begin, who qualifies for extra time? Who Qualifies for Extended Time on the ACT? In order to qualify for extended time on the ACT, students must have a documented disability. Usually students will have an Individualized Education Plan (IEP) or 504 plan at school, though this alone doesn't automatically qualify them for ACT accommodations. A school coordinator will have to make the request, making sure to specify the accommodation needed and provide in depth documentation. Processing takes about four weeks, so requests should be made early. If the request is denied for some reason, it's possible to appeal - another good reason to apply as early as possible! Eligible students may have documented learning disabilities, ADHD, autism spectrum disorder, or medical conditions. Whatever the reason, these students will benefit from having extra time on the test, whether it be the 50% National Extended Time or a greater time allowance with Special Testing. Let's take a look at the differences in testing schedules between these two options. How Long is the ACT with Time and a Half? Without extended time, the ACT lasts 2 hours and 55 minutes, or 3 hours and 35 minutes with the optional 40 minute essay. The sections are always given in the order of English, Math, Reading, and Science, with the choice of the essay at the end of the test. With time and a half, students are allowed 5 hours for the ACT without Writing and 6 hours for the ACT with Writing. They receive the sections in the same order, but with one important difference: students with National Extended Time are allowed to self-pace throughout the test. Instead of having to stick to a certain section, they can distribute their time as they like between English, Math, Reading, and Science. Students not taking the essay have 5 full hours to complete these sections as best fits their test-taking style. In this way, this accommodation both eases the intense time pressure of the ACT and helps students choose how to divide their time most effectively. Extended time does not necessarily mean extended or extra breaks. If students need more than the typical 10 minute break after Reading and 5 minute break before the essay, then they will have to make a separate request for this. Students taking the ACT with 50% additional time will test at a national test center on an official testing date (a Saturday morning). Given the additional time, what will their test day schedule look like? Test day will have an early start. Test Day Schedule with Time and a Half Unless students arrange to have an alternative testing date for religious reasons, they'll take the ACT on a Saturday morning at a national testing center (often, but not always, their own high school). Students are typically required to be at the testing room by 8:00 AM. I would advise getting there by 7:45 at the latest! Doors close at 8:00, and latecomers won't be admitted. The test itself begins between 8:30 and 9:00, since it takes time for proctors to check everyone in, get them seated, distribute materials, and have students fill out their biographical information on the scantrons. Once all the logistics are wrapped up, the test will begin! Students without accommodations are typically dismissed around 12:15 (or 1:15 with the essay). Students with time and a half, on the other hand, will be dismissed around 2:30 (or 3:30 with Writing). Their time for check in and set up may be reduced, since they usually take the test in a small group of no more than 10 students in an extended time testing room. While time and a half is the most common time-based accommodation, Special Testing is also granted to some students. This additional time alters both the schedule and the location of the ACT. Location change for students with Special Testing! How Long is the ACT with Special Testing? Instead of testing on Saturday morning at the designated testing center, students who qualify for Special Testing and more than 50% additional time will test at their school. They'll take the ACT over the course of two or more days under the supervision of a staff member. The ACT will either be administered individually or in a small group of students with similar accommodations. While Special Testing extended time options vary, the most common is 100% additional time. In this case, students would take a single ACT section per school day before returning to their regular classes. Spreading the test out like this can be especially helpful for students with attentional issues, plus it gives students the chance to prepare specifically for each section the night before they take it. All in all, students with 100% extended time would have 90 minutes for the English section, 2 hours for Math, and 70 minutes each for Reading and Science. That adds up to a total of 5 hours and 50 minutes spread out over 4 days, or 7 hours and 10 minutes with the essay. Since students with Special Testing take the ACT at school, they don't necessarily share a specific testing date. Instead, they just have to complete all testing within one of the 3 week testing windows listed on the accommodations request form. For 2015 to 2016, these windows are September 12 - October 4, 2015 October 24 - November 15, 2015 December 12 - January 3, 2016 February 6 - February 28, 2016 April 9 - May 1, 2016, and June - July 3, 2016. Because they have some more flexibility in testing dates, students with Special Testing should register for the time that best fits with their schedules and any college deadlines. Apart from 100% or more additional time, Special Testing may include alternate accommodations like braille, DVDs, or a computer for essays. Students applying for accommodations do so for all different reasons and to support all different needs. To best meet their needs and improve their ACT experience, students, parents, and school coordinators should start planning early for time extensions, as well as determine exactly what accommodations they should request. Planning for Accommodations Extended time on the ACT can significantly help a student have a better test-taking experience and achieve a stronger score. The self-pacing option can be especially beneficial for a lot of students, as it reduces the stress of time pressure and allows them to divide the material as meets their needs. Since the approval process takes a while, and there's always the chance of getting denied and having to appeal, school coordinators should research accommodations, collect all the relevant documentation, and make their request as early as possible. By planning and preparing, coordinators can make sure students get the extended time they need through National Extended Time or Special Testing to perform their best on the ACT. What's Next? Are you deciding between the ACT and the SAT and wondering how extended time works on the SAT? Check out this article to see the options College Board offers (hint: more options, but no self-pacing). Exactly how long is each section of the ACT? Check out our expert guide on timing and pacing on the ACT. Rumor has it, the ACT has been getting more challenging and fast-paced over the past few years. Is this true or just hearsay? Read more about these claims that the ACT has been getting consistently harder in recent years. Disappointed with your ACT scores? Want to improve your ACT score by 4+ points? Download our free guide to the top 5 strategies you need in your prep to improve your ACT score dramatically. Have friends who also need help with test prep? Share this article! Tweet Rebecca Safier About the Author Rebecca graduated with her Master's in Adolescent Counseling from the Harvard Graduate School of Education. She has years of teaching and college counseling experience and is passionate about helping students achieve their goals and improve their well-being. She graduated magna cum laude from Tufts University and scored in the 99th percentile on the SAT. Get Free Guides to Boost Your SAT/ACT Get FREE EXCLUSIVE insider tips on how to ACE THE SAT/ACT. 100% Privacy. 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Periodic Law Definition in Chemistry

Periodic Law Definition in Chemistry The Periodic Law states that the physical and chemical properties of the elements recur in a systematic and predictable way when the elements are arranged in order of increasing atomic number. Many of the properties recur at intervals. When the elements are arranged correctly, the trends in element properties become apparent and can be used to make predictions about unknown or unfamiliar elements, simply based on their placement on the table. Importance of Periodic Law Periodic Law is considered to be one of the most important concepts in chemistry. Every chemist makes use of Periodic Law, whether consciously or not, when dealing with the chemical elements, their properties, and their chemical reactions. Periodic Law led to the development of the modern periodic table. Discovery of Periodic Law Periodic Law was formulated based on observations made by scientists in the 19th century. In particular, contributions made by Lothar Meyer and Dmitri Mendeleev made trends in element properties apparent. They independently proposed Periodic Law in 1869. The periodic table arranged the elements to reflect Periodic Law, even though scientists at the time had no explanation for why properties followed a trend. Once the electronic structure of atoms was discovered and understood, it became apparent the reason characteristics occurred in intervals was because of the behavior of electron shells. Properties Affected by Periodic Law The key properties that follow trends according to Periodic Law are atomic radius, ionic radius, ionization energy, electronegativity, and electron affinity. Atomic and ionic radius are a measure of the size of a single atom or ion. While atomic and ionic radius are different from each other, they follow the same general trend. The radius increases moving down an element group and generally decreases moving left to right across a period or row. Ionization energy is a measure of how easy it is to remove an electron from an atom or ion. This value decreases moving down a group and increases moving left to right across a period. Electron affinity is how easily an atom accepts an electron. Using Periodic Law, it becomes apparent the alkaline earth elements have a low electron affinity. In contrast, the halogens readily accept electrons to fill their electron subshells and have high electron affinities. The noble gas elements have practically zero electron affinity because they have full valence electron subshells. Electronegativity is related to electron affinity. It reflects how easily an atom of an element attracts electrons to form a chemical bond. Both electron affinity and electronegativity tend to decrease moving down a group and increase moving across a period. Electropositivity is another trend governed by Periodic Law. Electropositive elements have low electronegativities (e.g., cesium, francium). In addition to these properties, there are other characteristics associated with Periodic Law, which may be considered properties of element groups. For example, all of the elements in group I (alkali metals) are shiny, carry a 1 oxidation state, react with water, and occur in compounds rather than as free elements.

Reflect on the dicourses around the term 'terrorism within Australia Essay

Reflect on the dicourses around the term 'terrorism within Australia - Essay Example The word â€Å"us† identifies the Western society, which is believed to be under violent aggression from radical Islamic groups who are going against the ideals of liberty and democracy. In Australia, the bombing in Bali that happened nearly a year after the World Trade Center Bombing left Australian society with a picture and lay image of the word â€Å"terrorism†. When Australia passed its Anti-Terror Act of 2005, Australian Prime Minister John Howard (2002) ‘reaffirms Australia’s commitment to continue the war against terrorism in our region and in the rest of the world’. This of course went in line with the wishes and intent of the strong nations of the Western world led by the United States and the United Kingdom, in pursuit of freedom against terrorism. Therefore, this created a sort of world order wherein the Muslim world and supporters of radical Islamic terrorist elements are clearly distinguished as the opposite of the order. On the other s ide, the Western society reaffirms its stand for the democratic way of life and freedom. This is where the word â€Å"terrorism† plays as a catalyst. It should be first understood that terrorism denotes a sign of conflict or an act of war.

Cultural Background and Academic Performance Essay

Cultural Background and Academic Performance - Essay Example Some prove to be difficult but there is no objection as work has to be done and delivered on time. College regulations may not be strict but they are demanding. Always, in the first session, almost everything a student does in the eyes of the tutors appears to be out of context. What follows is that the student is left to wonder if he will manage to fulfill all their expectations. To overcome this, it calls for quick measures to be implemented for the student to make wise decisions regarding his goal in life and how he will achieve it. Critical thinking is another issue; it involves the students who are sharp and able to think carefully about an idea before deciding on how to tackle it. For instance, reasoning critically involves one to think beyond his mind to avoid conclusions that are so obvious. Cultural myths have their own power and they take particular forms that make people realize if the steps they take are sensible. Through them, people get to know about their beliefs, customs, and ideas to the point of sharing a common language. Cultural myths determine how human beings interact with each other, how they perceive themselves based on their behaviors, and wishes. People live according to their cultural myths, which assist them to understand where they belong and help them build their power and how they are related to the people they love whether it is in the past or the coming generation. To be a critical thinker, a person is required to ignore these cultural myths and their misconceptions. It is interesting to know that the cultural myth that people do not apply most makes us view the world on a broad basis. In some cases, when the myth’s values are misinterpreted, it is considered immoral. Cultural myths have adverse consequences; when it comes to learning, they lower the rate at which students reason and read.  

Issues in International trade Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Issues in International trade - Essay Example They include consultancy and tourism among others. A product sold in the international market is an export while a product bought from the same market is an import. Trade issues often dominate and are a continuing theme in the international market. The issues include NAFTA, embargoes, sanctions, and the environment, trade deficits, The Euro, tariffs and WTO among others. Some of the issues are discussed as follows: A reduction in trade barriers allowing for integrated global economies and permitting international trade will affect the environment through the expansion of economic activities. It alters the composition and make-up of economic activity by bringing about a change in the techniques and means of production. The course of consideration and for environmental protection was raised by environmental groups on the potential North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA). This was just the first of a far cry to other voices opposing international or regional trade on the possible effects it may have on the environment. It is seen that an increase in international trade is detrimental to the objective of preserving a clean, healthy and sustainable global environment. It has been argued that any expansion of market to a global scale, ultimately leads to the environmental pollution and faster depletion of natural resources. These natural resources are scarce in nature. For example, international trade of coal has made it easier for countries to acquire it for economic activities. Coal has been known as a leading environmental pollutant. International trade has facilitated the growth of industries whose primary objective is the export of goods to the international market. For example, the United States has promoted several of such agreements such as the African Growth and Opportunity Act (AGOA) and the NAFTA. These agreements have led to the rapid growth of industries that have little government oversight and control. These

The Use Of Ergonomics Health And Social Care Essay

The Use Of Ergonomics Health And Social Care Essay The practice of safety in workplace has seen incredible advances as time has gone, due to advancement in technology, although there is still considerable amount of challenges that comes in form of injuries and illnesses (Hopwood and Thompson, 2006). This is where ergonomics comes to play a role in making the workplace safe for activities that would be carried out by the employee. Ergonomics draws on many disciplines in its study of humans and their environments, including anthropometry, biomechanics, mechanical engineering, industrial engineering, industrial design, kinesiology, physiology and psychology (Wikipedia, 2010). Unsafe, unhealthy, uncomfortable or inefficient situations at work or in everyday life are avoided by taking account of the physical and physiological capabilities and limitations of humans (Dul and Weerdmeester, 1993). Human health and safety is at optimum range when the workplace environmental parameters are suitable for the employee (Story, 2010). Each year, poorly designed products and workplaces account for thousands of injuries and skyrocketing costs. That is why ergonomics the human factor in product and workplace design is fast becoming a major concern of manufacturers (Gross, 1995). This report is about how is about applying and proper training on the use of ergonomics to everyday workplace can prevent life threatening illnesses, discomfort, accidents, and how employers can save money by reducing costs related to issues like workers compensation, absenteeism and turn over, as it makes operations more efficient by creating work place designs with fewer errors and improve on workplace user friendliness (MacLeod, 1995), with the goal of reducing musculoskeletal discomfort, increase work productivity, efficiency and comfort, as an employee who is more comfortable is more productive (Meriano and Latella, 2008). 1.1 AIMS AND OBJECTIVES The aim of this report is to know what ergonomics is all about and how it can be incorporated into the health and safety sector. The objectives of this report are; Reduce risks factors associated with poorly designed work stations and, To design a workplace that is suitable for the human body rather than the human body adapting to workplace. To be able to identify, measure, control and monitor the occupational health hazards/agents in the workplace which may cause ill-health to employees. 2.0 LITERATURE REVIEW 2.1 WHAT IS ERGONOMICS? Ergonomics is the science of fitting workplace conditions and job demands to the capabilities of the working population, it tends to look into work related problems that poses a risk of musculoskeletal disorders and ways of alleviating them (Cohen et al, 1997). It is also the applied science that is devoted to provide comfort, efficiency and safety into the design of items in the work place (Shelly and Vermaat, 2010), ergonomic intervention can benefit both employer and employee (Meriano and Latella, 2008). The International Ergonomics Association defines ergonomics as follows: Ergonomics (or human factors) is the scientific discipline concerned with the understanding of interactions among humans and other elements of a system, and the profession that applies theory, principles, data and methods to design in order to optimize human well-being and overall system performance. A large number of factors play a role in ergonomics; these include body posture and movement, environmental factors, information and operation as well as work organization. Ergonomics differs from other fields by its interdisciplinary approach and applied nature (Dul and Weerdmeester, 1993). The benefits of ergonomics include job satisfaction and enhanced worker motivation, added problem-solving capabilities, and greater acceptance of change. Involving staffs can help to identify job hazards, suggest ways to control these hazards and working with management in deciding how to put this control in place. 2.2 WHO IS AN ERGONOMIST? An Ergonomist is one who has adequate knowledge of the relation between humans health and humans performance (Schlick, 2009) taking into consideration the job, equipment used and information used (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ergonomics). According to Dul and Weerdmeester, 1993, the professional ergonomists can work for the authorities (legislation), training institutions (universities and colleges), research establishments, the service industry (consultancy) and production sector (occupational health services, personnel departments, design departments, research departments, etc.), they also wrote that the ergonomist highlights the areas where ergonomic knowledge is essential, provides ergonomic guidelines and advises designers, purchasers, management and employees, on which are more acceptable systems. 2.3 HISTORY OF ERGONOMICS: Science of Ergonomics dates back to 1717, when Bernadino Ramazzini, father of occupational medicine, speculated on factors within the work environment that contributed to his patients illnesses, he described violent and irregular motions, bent posture and tonic strain on the muscle as factors that contributed to musculoskeletal pains in his patients (Meriano and Latella, 2008). However, in the United Kingdom, ergonomics started in 1917 in World War I when the Department of Scientific and Industrial Research and the Medical Research Council were asked to investigate industrial conditions, particularly of munitions workers, this led to the establishment of Industrial Fatigue Research Board who performed research on above topic in 1929 because of the expanded scope of work (hours of work, training, accidents, lighting and ventilation, and design of the machinery. In 1949, the Ergonomics Research Society was established at a meeting held by a small group of research workers at the Admiralty; this made the society the earliest to be formed in the world (Meister, 1999). 2.4 LEGAL CONTROL OF ERGONOMICS: The law serves as a vital function in complex social setting as it provides standards or guidelines that define unacceptable and acceptable human behaviour. A breach in this law can be considered violation of the law and the transgressor could face civil or criminal penalties the legal system of every governmental jurisdiction and at every level of organised society must constantly adapt to changing demands, so there has and will be a continuing effusion of controlling laws. It is for this reason that the legal system is based on concepts of human faults. Liability prevention or mitigation is the avoidance of fault by investigation, analysis, evaluation, risk assessment, corrective action, and preventive remedies. The probability of a scientist or engineer having contact with law is high, it is wise to become familiar with the area of entanglement (Marras and Karwowski, 2006), as there are a myriad of roles that can be played in state or federal common law actions, workers compensati on cases, allegations of statutory violations, arbitrations or mediations, government agency hearings, or citations involving Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA), Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) (Vinal, 1999). According to Health and Safety at Work (HASAW) Act 1974, which is legislation, it states that; it is the duty of the employer to carry out a risk assessment in the work place. Failure to this is regarded as a breach in the law and has its consequences. 2.5 METHODS OF UNDERTAKING ERGONOMIC ASSESSMENT The fundamental goal of human-centred engineering is to match human characteristics such as body size, strengths and weaknesses, and capabilities and preferences with the relevant attributes of equipment, tasks, and procedure (Kroemer, 2006). The different methods used in the assessment of ergonomics include; I Physical methods II Psycho physiological methods III Behavioural and Cognitive Methods IV Team methods V Environmental methods VI Macroergonomics methods (Stanton et al., 2005) All these methods make use of the following techniques listed below; Measurement teams Anthropometric techniques Assessing energetic capabilities Assessing muscle strength Assessing mental workload Assessing vision capabilities Systematic gathering of information The ideal field assessment tools used should possess the following attributes; Predictive: the tool should provide predictive measure of risk of musculoskeletal injury, Robust: can be used in any work situation, Inexpensive: tool can be available at minimal monetary cost, Non-invasive: should not affect when worker performs or process work flow, Quick: assessment could be performed quickly, Easy to use: tool could be used with minimal training, (Marras and Karwowski, 2006). 3.0 METHODOLOGY 3.1 INTEGRATED ERGONOMICS ASSESSMENT FOR THE WORK STATION For the purpose of this assessment to be done, several protocols would have to be met. The first thing that would be done is to get a work station that can be used to carry out an ergonomics assessment, and the Help Desk in the Learning Resource Centre (LRC) has been selected. A proposed meeting was set up with the Manager of the LRC to get permission to carry out the assessment, the manager approved of this and forwarded necessary messages to the supervisors in the LRC who helped in completing the task. A confidentiality questionnaire was handed to one of the supervisors, which was filled and returned and would be used as a point of reference in the results. Using anthropometric method of ergonomic risk assessment, measurement of the work station would be taken using a measuring tape and pictures snapped for further evidence of the work station for ergonomics assessment. Ergonomics assessment on the work station would be done on the basis of the task carried out. The task carried ou t in the Help Desk in the LRC involves helping students use the computer systems to locate books in the library and helping to arrange books in shelves. For this reason, there is the need to alternate between sitting down and standing. Below is a chart that shows a plan on how the work would be carried out. Observation Hazard Identification Ergonomics Assessment Evaluation Risk Validation Control and monitor Review Chart 1: Flow Plan on the methodology of the ergonomic assessment. 4.0 RESULTS AND RECOMMENDATION The particular work station selected for this ergonomics was carefully observed for the different task carried out to see if there is any problem associated with the work place. Anthropometric technique was used to carry out this work by getting measurements of the work place. 4.1 OBSERVATION: The help desk offered assistance in carrying out this work after permission was granted by the Manager of the LRC. Looking carefully at the way work was done and asking questions from the staff being monitored were put into consideration, also photographs were taken to also get a clear picture of how the employee carries out the task. Fig 1: A Staff carrying out her duties on a Visual Display Unit. 4.2 HAZARD IDENTIFICATION: hazard identification was obtained mainly by asking questions from the employee on the work station, making use of a questionnaire and viewing the work station for possible activities that may cause health disorder(s) and affect the employee. Health and Safety at Work (HASAW) Act 1974 demands that the employer should make sure that employers carry out a risk assessment in the work environment to ensure safety of staffs. See result in table 1 below. Table 1: Hazard Identification on the help desk. Hazard Hazard aspect Impact/ Effect Posture Stooped posture (resulting from fatigue and long hours of working) Stiffness of the back, neck, and wrist from working too long on the Visual Display Unit Variety of health problems, like caved shoulders, muscular imbalances, rounding of the upper back and a tendency to lean forward while walking. Incidence of lower back disorders. Movement Twisting of the waist, neck, stretching the hand and holding in that position for a long time (straining muscles in the hand) Pain and strain on neck muscles and waist. Stress on muscles of the arms while stretching causes fatigue of the arm muscle. Visual Display Unit (VDU), keyboard and mouse. Fixed position of the neck when staring at the VDU, and stress on fingers from too much typing, twisting and flexing of the wrist when handling the mouse. Makes the employee aware of some eye defects that he/she was not aware of. Straining of the arms to reach the mouse and twisting of the wrist to get to the keyboard and grabbing the mouse. 4.3 ERGONOMIC ASSESSMENT: Ergonomics assessment on the work station showed that the design of the station has a moderate score as it accommodates the employee and has a low risk level. Below is a table of the total ergonomic risk factor and how it was derived. Table 2: Ergonomic Work Position Evaluation. Assessed by: Igho Date:14/12/2010 Ergonomic Evaluation Risk Factor Static Points Comments/Action Work Positions (Sitting) 0 pts 2 pts 4 pts √ if 20 secs + X 3 if static Neck (Flexion) bending head forward √ √ 6 Moderate Shoulders (Raising elbows) √ √ 6 Moderate Wrists/Hands √ √ 6 Moderate Back (flexion) bending forward at the hips √ √ 12 High Hiking Shoulders √ √ 0 Low Twisting (incorrectly with feet stationary) √ √ 0 Low Table 3: Task factor Evaluation Task Factors Points Awarded Muscle force Low √ Moderate High 0 Vibration Low √ Moderate High 0 Lighting Good √ Fair Poor 0 Workplace Temperature Comfortable √ Warm/Cool Hot/Cold 0 Table 4: Risk Factor total on the work station. Risk Factor total Risk Factor Points Total Comments/Action 0 pts 2 pts 4pts Work Positions 0 7 8 15 16 pts+ = 4 High (8-12) Task factors 0 8 9 15 16 pts+ = 0 = 4 Moderate (4 7) Lifting 0 7 8 13 14 pts+ = 0 Low (0 3) Table 5: Key Descriptor Scale Descriptor Consequence Control 0-3 LOW Little or no complaints of muscle aches and pains Taking of short time breaks 4-7 MODERATE Stress and fatigue on muscles which is tolerable Selection of an employee to monitor how tasks are being carried out 8-12 HIGH Work Musculoskeletal disorder, static load on muscles leads to painful fatigue on muscles Reduction of work that can cause musculoskeletal disorder and training of staffs to become more aware of ergonomic risk factors related to musculoskeletal disorders. Below is a sketch on the work station used in the LRC, measured in cm. 48cm 24cm 96cm 48cm 72cm Floor Fig 1: Sketch and measurement of the work station. The sketch above can be compared to the British standard dimension to know if the measured work station meets up with the standard. Table 6: Work place measurement compared with British Standard Dimension Measured Work Station British Standard Dimension (5th 95th Percentile (mixed Population 19 65 yrs) Popliteal height 48cm 44cm Thigh Clearance 23cm Table Height (Popliteal height + Sitting Elbow height) 72cm 68.5cm Sitting Shoulder Height Position 57cm 59cm Back rest 48cm RISK VALIDATION Based on the production of a well ergonomically equipped work station, a good control and review of the work station, and everything put in order, information and training of employees there may still be a problem that can pose as a threat to the work place. This can be seen in workers habit; sitting forward on the chair, sitting in the middle of the chair, leaning on arm rest and back rest, arms resting on the table are some examples of employees habit, and this can result in intervertebral disc injuries and back problems as the muscles of the back are easily stressed. CONTROL AND MONITORING To control occupational health and safety risks, improvement of performance and benefits in work places in order to eliminate or minimize risk to employees and other interested parties exposed to risks associated with its activities, it is necessary to implement, maintain and continually improve occupational health and safety in the work place. The following can be used to control and monitor on-going activities and tasks in the work place; Avoid Unnatural Posture: bending the trunk/head sideways is more harmful than bending forward The working area should be located so that it is at the best distance from the eyes of the operator. Hand grip, materials and tools should be arranged in such a way that the most frequent movements are carried out with the elbows bent and near to the body. Manipulations can be made easier by using supports under the elbows, forearms or hands. Padded/soft warm materials that can be adjustable to suite people of different sizes. It is essential that the workplace should be suited to the body size and mobility of the operator/employee, since neutral/natural postures and movements are a necessary part of efficient work. Neck and head posture: head and neck should not be bent forward by more than thirty degrees when the trunk is erect, else fatigue and troubles may occur. 4.6 REVIEW Having seen that ergonomically, the work station is tolerable, and staffs have been informed on how to position themselves whilst working, there is need to review work practice every three months to ensure and enforce that the mode of working is still in place to avoid injuries that may have built up with time. 4.7 RECOMMENDATION After measuring the work station and comparing with the British standard measurement, it is recommended that the chair (adjustable) should be adjusted to fit the user so as to get the comfortability needed in order not to stress and strain muscles in the back and feet. The mouse and Visual display unit should be ergonomically put in place to the comfort of the operator, to reduce tension and strain to the eyes, hands and wrist ERGONOMICS POLICY AND CONCLUSION 5.1 ERGONOMICS POLICY: The purpose of this policy is to endeavour staffs to adhere to guidelines in the work place with the aim of ensuring a safe working environment as well as to bring health hazard to a minimum. It is the managements responsibility to carry out duties under the Health and Safety at work Act 1974 and other legislation including amendments to ensure safe working practices and work environment. For this reason, the help desk shall abide to the following guidelines; Ergonomics efforts shall be embedded, maintained and preserved on the help desk in Learning Resource Centre (LRC) to ensure a safe and healthy work place environment for employees. Cooperation of work force in making sure that ergonomic improvement is realised. (Joint effort of managers, supervisors, employees and other supporting staffs) Designation of post to a responsible employee to check that workers are well positioned, to prevent Work-related Musculoskeletal Disorders in the work station. Training of staffs to be more aware of ergonomic risk factors related to Work-related Musculoskeletal Disorders. Informing staffs about ergonomics and its risk factors can help to reduce cost of treatment of Work-related Musculoskeletal Disorders, as the budgeted cost can be used as employees benefits. This policy would be implemented and reviewed three times a year to ensure that the health conditions of the employees are in order, to reduce money spent on treating employees for work related musculoskeletal disorders. This policy would be handed to each staff through information and trainings and in written form. 5.2 CONCLUSION After a thorough ergonomic examination of the help desk in the LRC, and assessing the working environment, proper ergonomics evaluation was done and control measures put in Place as well as a policy for the safety and health of the employees so as to reduce chances of the risk of having a staff complain about a work related musculoskeletal disorder. Control measures used after ergonomic assessment and risk validation was carried out is to help in reducing the chances of getting a work related musculoskeletal disorder and cost of treatment from injuries sustained (if any at all, considering the tolerable amount derived from the evaluation and chances of any injury sustained, this is as a result of proper training of the staffs).